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//
// Library of Congress
// Creating the US Silverlight
// "Creating the Declaration of Independence" Data
//
// Author: Lenny Burdette lburdette@schematic.com
// Version: 1.0
// Date: Fri May 02 12:49:05 -0700 2008
//
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Jefferson’s rough draft is the core document for an exploration of the antecedents to some critical phrases and concepts in the Declaration of Independence. This critical document combines Jefferson’s first draft and changes made by the congressional committee appointed to draft a declaration and then by the entire Congress. Jefferson drew on many English, Scottish, and American sources in drafting the Declaration of Independence. The antecedents displayed here are not meant to be a definitive or complete list, only important illustrative examples that were known to writers of the Declaration of Independence.',pursuit_of_happiness_overview:'Some Americans, including Thomas Jefferson and George Mason, incorporated the concept of the pursuit of happiness into man’s natural, or inherent, universal rights. Borrowing the idea of pursuing virtue or happiness from Scottish moral philosophers, such as Henry Home, Lord Kames, Jefferson went so far as to substitute the phrase "the pursuit of happiness" for the word "property" in his litany of inalienable natural rights.',consent_of_the_governed_overview:'Americans sought to establish that they were "true-born" Englishmen—not merely colonials—with all the rights of Englishmen. The founders of the United States believed that the government of Great Britain should rest on the principle that government depended on the consent of the governed and that any government not based on that consent could be justifiably overthrown and replaced.',all_men_are_created_equal_overview:'The concept that all men are created equal was a key to European Enlightenment philosophy. But the interpretation of “all men” has hovered over the Declaration of Independence since its creation. Although most people have interpreted “all men” to mean humanity, others have argued that Jefferson and the other authors of the Declaration meant to exclude women and children. Within the context of the times it is clear that “all men” was a euphemism for “humanity,” and thus those people, such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Abraham Lincoln, and Martin Luther King, who used the Declaration of Independence to demand equality for African Americans and women seized the historical as well as the moral high ground.',train_of_abuses_overview:'Thomas Jefferson was in the mainstream of British radicals when he accused the British monarch of "a long train of abuses," that not only justified but demanded an overthrow of the oppressive government. In both his draft of the Virginia Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson listed actions by the British government that could be directly attributed to the evil intentions of the King of Great Britain. This "long train of abuses," which Jefferson compiled with Benjamin Franklin and John Adams, takes up more than half of the Declaration of Independence.',slavery_overview:'Influenced by the European Enlightenment, many Americans, including Thomas Jefferson, James Otis, and James Madison, did not believe that slavery could be abolished outright, but they planned to cause it to eventually wither away. The first step would be to end the importation of slaves. This step would be followed by a prohibition of the slave trade’s expansion into the Western territories and provisions for easier manumission (emancipation) of slaves, and for the colonization of freed slaves beyond the borders of the United States.',declaration_citation:'Thomas Jefferson. Rough Draft of the Declaration of Independence, June–July 1776. Manuscript. Thomas Jefferson Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress',virginia_declaration_citation:'George Mason with amendments by Thomas Ludwell Lee. Virginia Declaration of Rights, 1776. Manuscript. George Mason Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress',morality_religion_citation:'Henry Home, Lord Kames. Essays on the Principles of Morality and Natural Religion, in Two Parts. Edinburgh: 1751. Thomas Jefferson Library, Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Library of Congress',two_treatises_citation:'John Locke. Two Treatises of Government. . . . The Latter is an Essay concerning the True, Original Extent, and the End of Civil Government. London: Awnsham Churchill, 1690. Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Library of Congress',common_sense_citation:'Thomas Paine. Common Sense. . . . Philadelphia: R. Bell, 1776. Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Library of Congress',causes_necessities_citation:'Thomas Jefferson. Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms, 1775. Manuscript. Thomas Jefferson Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress',fairfax_county_citation:'George Mason and George Washington. Fairfax County Resolves, July 17, 1774. Manuscript. George Washington Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress',summary_view_citation:'Thomas Jefferson, A Summary View of the Rights of British America. Williamsburg: Clementina Rind, 1774. Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Library of Congress',virginia_constitution_citation:'Thomas Jefferson. Draft Virginia Constitution, May 1776. Manuscript. Thomas Jefferson Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress',asserted_proved_citation:'James Otis. Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved. Boston: Edes and Gill, 1764. Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Library of Congress',dunlap_broadside_citation:'Thomas Jefferson. Declaration of Independence. Philadelphia: John Dunlap, July 4, 1776. George Washington Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress',declaration_description:'The Declaration of Independence, drafted by Thomas Jefferson and heavily amended by the Continental Congress, boldly asserted humanity’s right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness as well as the American colonies’ right to revolt against an oppressive British government. Jefferson’s "original Rough draught" illustrates Jefferson’s literary flair and records key changes made by Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and the Continental Congress before its July 4, 1776, adoption. ',virginia_declaration_description:'A call for American independence from Britain, the Virginia Declaration of Rights was drafted by George Mason in May 1776 and amended by Thomas Ludwell Lee (1730–1778) and the Virginia Convention. It was adopted by the Virginia Convention on June 12, 1776. Thomas Jefferson borrowed many ideas and phrases from the Virginia document when he drafted the Declaration of Independence a few weeks later. The Virginia Declaration of Rights has also been heralded as a model for the first ten amendments to the federal Constitution, the amendments known as the "Bill of Rights."',morality_religion_description:'When Thomas Jefferson asserted the inalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness in the Declaration of Independence, he was influenced by the writings of Henry Home, Lord Kames (1696–1782). Kames was a Scottish moral philosopher who argued for the right to "the pursuit of happiness" in his acclaimed work Essays on the Principles of Morality and Natural Religion. Jefferson owned and annotated this copy.',two_treatises_description:'The works of John Locke (1632–1704), well-known English political philosopher, provided many Americans with the philosophical arguments for inalienable natural rights, principally those of property and of rebellion against abusive governments. In the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson did not incorporate Locke’s emphasis in his "Second Treatise of Government" on the right to property but gave the right to rebel a prominent place.',common_sense_description:'In January 1776, Thomas Paine (1737–1809) penned his famous pamphlet Common Sense, in which he urged the American Colonies to declare independence and immediately sever all ties with the British monarchy. With its strong arguments against monarchy, Common Sense paved the way for the Declaration of Independence more than any other single publication. Paine suggested a form of government to replace the British colonial system: a one-house legislature for each colony that would be subordinate to a one-house continental congress with no executive power at either level.',causes_necessities_description:'The Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking up Arms puts forth the reasons for America’s rebellion that were raised in the 1775 congressional declaration. Although the final manifesto stressed a hope for the restoration of peace, Thomas Jefferson’s draft was a "Spirited Manifesto," according to John Adams (1735–1826). The spirited and creative qualities of Jefferson’s writing helped secure his selection as chair of the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence in 1776.',fairfax_county_description:'The Fairfax County Resolves, written by George Mason (1725–1792) and George Washington (1731/32-1799) and presented on July 17, 1774, was the first clear statement of fundamental constitutional rights of the British American colonies as subjects of the British Crown. Adopted the next day by the Fairfax County Convention, which met to protest British retaliations against Massachusetts after the Boston Tea Party, the resolves call for a "firm Union" of the colonies because an injury against one colony is "aimed at all."',summary_view_description:'Thomas Jefferson’s A Summary View of the Rights of British America declared America’s right to rebel against an oppressive and despotic government and heralded the arrival of an independent America. Jefferson’s pamphlet was originally drafted as instruction for Virginia’s delegates to the Continental Congress in 1774.',virginia_constitution_description:'In May 1776, Thomas Jefferson, a Virginia delegate to the Continental Congress, wrote at least three drafts of a Virginia constitution. Jefferson’s litany of British governmental abuses in his drafts of the Virginia Constitution became his "train of abuses" in the Declaration of Independence.',asserted_proved_description:'The incongruity of arguing for their own freedom and liberty while enslaving others was openly discussed by American revolutionaries during the period leading up to the writing of the Declaration of Independence and beyond. In his most famous pamphlet, The Rights of British Colonists Asserted and Proved, James Otis (1725–1783) asserted that the slave trade is "the most shocking violation of the law of nature." He also stated that "It is a clear truth, that those who every day barter away other men’s liberty will soon care little for their own."',dunlap_broadside_description:'Congress approved the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, and directed that it be printed by John Dunlap. This only surviving fragment of the Declaration broadside printed by Dunlap was sent on July 6, 1776, to George Washington by John Hancock, President of the Continental Congress in Philadelphia. General Washington had this Declaration read to his assembled troops on July 9 in New York, where they awaited the combined British fleet and army.',theme1_hotspot1:'We hold these truths to be sacred & undeniable self-evident; that all men are created equal & independent from that equal creation they derive in rights equal rights some of which are they are endowed by their creator with certain [inherent &] inalienable rights; that among which these are life, liberty, & the pursuit of happiness;',theme1_hotspot2:'That all Men are born equally free & independent, & have certain inherent natural Rights, of which they can not by any Compact, deprive or divest their Posterity; among which are the Enjoyment of Life and Liberty, with the Means of acquiring and possessing Property, and pursueing and obtaining Happiness and Safety.',theme1_hotspot3:'exerting to their utmost energies all those powers which our creator hath given us, to guard preserve that liberty which he committed to us in sacred deposit, & to protect from every hostile hand our lives & our properties.',theme1_hotspot4:'We may safely reject such a law as inconsistent with our nature, unless it be made appear, that there is a principle of benevolence in man which prompts him to an equal pursuit of the happiness of all.',theme1_hotspot5:'what tends to the Preservation of the Life, the Liberty, Health, Limb or Goods of another.',theme1_hotspot6:'We hold these Truths to be self evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.',theme2_hotspot1:'that to secure these ends rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed',theme2_hotspot2:'That Power is by God & Nature, vested in, and consequently derived from the people; that Magistrates are their Trustees & Servants, and at all Times amenable to them.',theme2_hotspot3:'MISSING',theme2_hotspot4:'The members of Congress, Assemblies, or Conventions, by having had experience in national concerns, will be able and useful [page break] counsellors, and the whole, by being impowered by the people, will have a truly legal authority.',theme2_hotspot41:'The members of Congress, Assemblies, or Conventions, by having had experience in national concerns, will be able and useful [page break] counsellors, and the whole, by being impowered by the people, will have a truly legal authority.',theme2_hotspot5:'by several acts of parliament passed within that time they have undertaken to give and grant our money without our consent: a right of which we have ever had the exclusive exercise',theme2_hotspot6:'2. Resolved that the most important and valuable Part of the British Constitution, upon which it’s very Existence depends, is the fundamental Principle of the People’s being governed by no Laws, to which they have not given their Consent, by Representatives freely chosen by themselves',theme2_hotspot7:'And thus much may suffice to shew, that as far as we have any light from History, we have reason to conclude, that all peaceful beginnings of Government have been laid in the Consent of the People.',theme2_hotspot71:'And thus much may suffice to shew, that as far as we have any light from History, we have reason to conclude, that all peaceful beginnings of Government have been laid in the Consent of the People.',theme2_hotspot8:'That to secure these Rights, Governments are Instituted among Men, deriving their just Powers from the Consent of the Governed',theme3_hotspot1:'We hold these truths to be sacred & undeniable self-evident; that all men are created equal & independent',theme3_hotspot2:'That all Men are born equally free and independent, and have certain inherent natural Rights, of which they can not by any Compact, deprive or divest their Posterity;',theme3_hotspot3:'Where there are no distinctions, there can be no superiority; perfect equality affords no temptation.',theme3_hotspot4:'complaints which are excited by many unwarrantable encroachments and usurpations, attempted to be made by the legislature of one part of the empire, upon those rights which God and the laws have given equally and independently to all.',theme3_hotspot5:'A State also of Equality, wherein all the Power and Jurisdiction is reciprocal, no one have more than another, there being nothing more evident',theme3_hotspot51:'This equality of Men by Nature . . . looks upon as so evident in itself, and beyond all question,',theme3_hotspot6:'We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal',theme4_hotspot1:'but when a long train of abuses & usurpations [begun at a distinguished period, &] pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to subject reduce them to arbitrary power under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government & to provide new guards for their future security.',theme4_hotspot2:'Whereas George Guelph King of Great Britain & Ireland and Elector of Hanover, heretofore entrusted with the exercise of the kingly office in this government, hath endeavored to pervert the same into a detestable & insupportable tyranny',theme4_hotspot3:'As a long and violent abuse of power, is generally the means of calling the right of it in question',theme4_hotspot4:'Single acts of tyranny may be ascribed to the accidental opinion of a day; but a series of oppressions, begun at a distinguished period, and pursued unalterably through every change of ministers, too plainly prove a deliberate and systematical plan of reducing us to slavery.',theme4_hotspot5:'9. Resolved that there is a premeditated Design and System, formed and pursued by the British Ministry, to introduce an arbitrary Government into his Majesty’s American Dominions;',theme4_hotspot6:'But if a long train of Abuses, Prevarications and Artifices, all tending the same way, make the design visible to the People, and they cannot but feel what they lye under, and see whither they are going; ‘tis not to be wonder’d that they should then rouze themselves, and endeavour to put the rule into such hands, which may secure to them the ends for which Government was at first erected;',theme4_hotspot7:'But when a long Train of Abuses and Usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces a Design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their Right, it is their Duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future Security.',theme5_hotspot1:'determined to keep open a market where MEN should be bought & sold he has prostituted his negative for suppressing every legislative attempt to prohibit or to restrain this execrable commerce: determining to keep open a market where MEN should be bought & sold: and that this assemblage of horrors might want no fact',theme5_hotspot2:'12. by prompting our negroes to rise in arms among us; those very negroes whom by an inhuman use of his negative he hath [indecipherable] to time refused us permission to exclude by law:',theme5_hotspot3:'17. Resolved that it is the Opinion of this Meeting, that during our present Difficulties and Distress, no Slaves ought to be imported into any of the British Colonies on this Continent; and we take this Opportunity of declaring our most earnest Wishes to see an entire Stop for ever put to such a wicked cruel and unnatural Trade.',theme5_hotspot4:'The abolition of domestic slavery is the great object of desire in those colonies, where it was unhappily introduced in their infant state. But previous to the enfranchisement of the slaves we have, it is necessary to exclude all further importations from Africa; yet our repeated attempts to effect this by prohibitions, and by imposing duties which might amount to a prohibition, have been hitherto defeated by his majesty’s negative: Thus preferring the immediate advantages of a few British [indecipherable] corsairs to the lasting interests of the American states, and to the rights of human nature, deeply wounded by this infamous practice.',theme5_hotspot5:'The Colonists are by the law of nature free born, as indeed all men are, white or black. . . . Nothing better can be said in favor of a trade, that is the most shocking violation of the law of nature, has a direct tendency to diminish the idea of the inestimable value of liberty, and makes every dealer in it a tyrant, from the director of an African company to the petty chapman in needles and pins on the unhappy coast. It is a clear truth, that those who every day barter away other mens liberty, will soon care little for their own.',theme5_hotspot6:'The entire paragraph on slavery and the slave trade was deleted by Congress sitting in the Committee of the Whole on July 3–4, 1776. Thomas Jefferson reported in his "Notes of Proceedings in Congress" that "The clause too, reprobating the enslaving the inhabitants of Africa, was struck out in complaisance to South Carolina & Georgia, who had never attempted to restrain the importation of slaves, and who on the contrary still wished to continue it. Our Northern brethren also I believe felt a little tender under those censures; for tho’ their people have very few slaves themselves yet they had been pretty considerable carriers of them to others."'}}
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